Gamelan orchestra is a musical ensemble that usually highlight metallophone , xylophone , drums , and gongs . The term gamelan refers to the instrument / tool , which is a unified whole that is realized and sounded together . Gamelan word itself comes from the Javanese gamel which means hitting / beating , followed by an ending that makes it a noun . Gamelan orchestra mostly found in the island of Java , Madura , Bali , and Lombok in Indonesia in various types of sizes and shapes ensemble . In Bali and Lombok today , and in Java through the 18th century , the term gong is more considered synonymous with gamelan . ( Doc. Source: http://sbragnar.com/images/Indonesia/DSC01578.jpg )Occurrences gamelan preceded by Hindu - Buddhist culture that dominated Indonesia in the early days of recording history , which also represents the original Indonesian art . The instrument was developed to shape up like this in the days of the Majapahit Kingdom . In difference to the music of India , the only impact to the Indian-ness in gamelan music is how menyanikannya . In Javanese mythology , the gamelan dicipatakan by Sang Hyang Guru in Saka era , the god who controlled all the land of Java , with the castle on the mountain Mahendra in Medangkamulan ( now Lawu ) . Sang Hyang Guru first created gong to summon the gods . For more specific message and then create two gongs , and finally formed a set of gamelan . [ Citation needed ]The description of the first ensemble of musical instruments found in the temple of Borobudur , Magelang, Central Java , which has stood since the 8th century . Musical instruments such as bamboo flute , bells , drums in various sizes , lute , a stringed musical instrument that is swiped and learned , is found in the relief. However , little is found elements of metal musical instruments . However , relief of the instrument is said to be the origin of the gamelan .Tuning and manufacture gamelan orchestra is a complex process . Gamelan tuning using four ways , namely slendro , Pelog , " gamelan " ( special area of Sunda , or West Java ) , and " madenda " ( also known as the diatonic , the same as the original minor scale that is widely used in Europe ) .Gamelan music is a combination of the influence of foreign art diverse . Not regard the tone of Chinese , Southeast Asian musical instruments , drum bands and move music from India , bowed strings from the Middle East , Europe and even the military style that we hear on the traditional music of Java and Bali today.The interaction component is loaded with melody , rhythm and timbre of glory maintain a Balinese gamelan orchestra music . The pillars of this music brings together a variety of Balinese rural community character that became the order of the typical music that is an inseparable part of daily life .For Around the area of Central Java and Yogyakarta gamelan usually consists of 2 pangkon ( types ) and Pelog Slendro ie having a different pitch . Slendro is basically approaching the minor tone while Pelog produce tones that tend to approach the diatonic scales . The following set of Javanese gamelan are generally sounded in Central Java in general , including :
1 . kendhangRhythmic drum is a musical instrument ( not pitched ) which controls the rhythm and included in the group " membranofon " is a musical instrument whose sound source is derived from the skin membrane or other material .Mostly drums played by professional gamelan players , who had long dive into Javanese culture . Played drums most appropriate pengendang instinct , so when it is played by the premises of the other people there will be different nuances .According to historical evidence , membranofon group has been popular in Java since the mid- 9th century AD with the name : padahi , pataha ( padaha ) , murawa or muraba , mrdangga , mrdala , muraja , panawa , Kahala , damaru , drums . The term ' padahi ' oldest cemetery inscriptions can be found on the temple which dates to the year 821 AD ( Goris , 1930) . As written in the book of Nagarakrtagama composition MPU prapanca in 1365 AD ( Pigeaud , 1960) , the term continues to be used until the time of Majapahit .The mention of drums with different names indicate various shapes , sizes and materials used , among other things : a small drum , which is depicted in the statue being held by the god , the drums called " damaru " .
2 . RebabTrigon appeared in Java after the Islamic era around the century - 15-16 , an adaptation of the bow of the Arabs who were brought by the propagator of Islam from Arabia and India . Spread in the area of West Java , Central Java and East Java . Fiddle made of wood and covered with a thin skin resonator , has two strings / strings and have the pentatonic scales . Musical instrument that uses a bow and has three or two pieces of string from the strings of metal ( copper ) is his use jackfruit wood ( generally ) and hollow on the inside covered with dried ox skin as loudspeakers .Other traditional musical instrument which has the form Tehyan the fiddle is made of coconut shell resonator , fiddle this type can be found in Jakarta , Java and South KalimantanFor Tengan Java and Yogyakarta , these instruments typically consist of wire -string with two wires stretched on a wooden selajur with heart-shaped body covered with a membrane ( thin skin ) of the Chronicle cow .As one of the leaders of the instrument , fiddle song is recognized as a leader in the ensemble , especially in the style of the beat softly . In most piece - piece , the opening song plays fiddle piece , determine the piece , the barrel , and pathet to be played .Fiddle tone areas include any area of the piece . Then fiddle groove track gives a clear indication street groove track piece . In the majority of the piece , fiddle also gives guidance to the musical ensemble to move from one section to another .
3 . balunganThat wilahan shaped musical instrument ( Java : keys ) with six or seven wilah ( one octave ) superimposed on a wooden frame which also serves as a resonator that is sounded by using wooden percussion .In playing this balungan , right hand hit wilahan / sheet metal with percussion , then left hand punch that struck wilahan previously to eliminate the remaining buzz of beating the previous tone . This technique is called memathet ( basic words : pathet = push )According to the size and function , there are three types of balungan :
a. Demung , these tools are large and middle beroktaf . Balungan demung play a piece in a limited area . Typically , the gamelan has one or two demung . But there gamelan in the palace that has more than two demung .
b . Saron, this tool and medium-sized high beroktaf . Such demung , Sharon plays balungan in a limited area . In engineering wasp - reward returns , two saron play songs intertwined fast tempo . A set of gamelan has two Saron , but there gamelan saron have more than two .
c . Peking , saron Shaped the smallest and highest beroktaf . Sharon panerus or howl plays wasp duplicate or quadruplicate balungan song .
d . Slenthem , According to the construction , including family slenthem gender ; sometimes even he called panembung gender . But slenthem have as many slats slats saron ;He beroktaf lowest in the group of instruments saron ( balungan ) . Such demung and saron barung , slenthem balungan played in a limited area .Slenthem is one of the gamelan instruments consisting of thin sheet metal width is strung with rope and stretched over the tubes and produces a low hum or echo that follows the tone saron , ricik , and balungan when beaten . As with the other instruments in a gamelan set , slenthem certainly have slendro version and version pelog . Wilahan Slenthem Pelog generally have a range of tones C to B , while slenthem slendro has a range of tones C , D , E , G , A , C ' . How to play :How to beat the same as beating slenthem balungan , ricik , or saron . The right hand and left hand bat swinging perform " patet " , ie withstand vibrations that occur in sheet metal . In beating the much needed slenthem instincts or feelings of the musicians to produce an echo or hum good shape . In the notation C , D , E , G , for example , echoes produced when beating tone right C should disappear when the tone sounded D , and so on .For the playing of tempo , which used the same way as it does when using balungan , ricik , and saron . However, for certain circumstances , for example demung returns , then slenthem played to fill the void between balungan tone that sounded slow with beating double knock balungan . Or it could be the slenthem conditions must exist balungan beating half times as balungan was beating fast , such as piece Gangsaran .
4 . BonangThis instrument consists of a set of ten to fourteen small gongs positioned horizontally arranged in two rows , placed on a rope stretched on a wooden frame . Players sit in the middle row on the lower beroktaf gongs , percussion holds elliptic in each hand .There are three kinds of bonang , differentiated by size , region of the octave , and its function in the ensemble . For the Javanese gamelan , bonang here there are 2 types namely barung and Bonang Bonang Successor / penembung
In Central Javanese gamelan there are three types bonang used :a. Bonang panerusis the highest of them , and use the smallest kettle . Generally covers two octaves ( sometimes more in the slendro in Solo - style instruments ) , covering approximately the same range as the saron and peking combined . He plays the fastest rhythms bonang it , wither with each other or playing at twice the speed of bonang barung .
b . Bonang barungwho pitched one octave below the bonang panerus , and also generally covers two octaves , roughly the same class with demung and saron combined . This is one of the most important instruments in the ensemble , as it provides many cues to other players in the gamelan .
c . Bonang Panembungis the lowest tone . It is more common in Yogyakarta gamelan style , covering approximately the same range as slenthem and demung combined . When it comes to style gamelan Solo, may only have one row of six ( slendro ) or seven kettles sounding in the same list with slenthem . It is reserved for the most violent repertoire , usually plays another form of balungan .The part played by bonang bonang panerus barung and more complex than many gamelan instruments , thus , is generally regarded as an instrument to elaborate . Sometimes it plays a melody based balungan , although usually modified in a simple way . However, it could also play a more complex pattern , which is obtained by combining and panerus barung patters , such as alternation of interlocking parts ( yield ) and the interpolation of florid melodic patterns ( have now ) .
5 . kenongKenong an element of gamelan instruments pencon most obese , compared with kempul and gongs that although large but flat-shaped . Kenong is structured in the form pangkon hardwood covered with ropes , so that when struck kenong will not sway to the side but can be swayed to the top down , thus producing sound . Kenong great shape produces a low voice but loud with a distinctive timber ( in the Java community ear ning - nong captured sounds , so called kenong ) . In gamelan , voice kenong fill the sidelines between kempul .Gamelan is the second most important instrument after the gong . Kenong gong split into two or four sentences kenong , or kenongan .In addition to the functional structure of the piece underlines , notes kenong also relate to the song piece , and he could play the same tone with the tone balungan , and may also precede the next balungan tone for the main lead track piece , or it can play a tone within a kempyung balungan tone , to support pathet flavor .In kenongan fast style , the feasibility ayaka , srepegan , and sampak , wasp kenong lead piece - piece groove of the song .
6 . kethukTwo kinds of gong instruments for kenong , horizontal position superimposed on a rope stretched on a wooden frame that serves to give the song groove accents the piece into short sentences .On wasp style fast launch , sampak , srepegan , and sieve sieve , kethuk knock knock sounded at the balungan , generating patterns intertwine fast .
7 .Gambang
The instrument is similar to a family balungan made of slats - wood slats framed in gerobogan which also serves as a resonator .Bladed seventeen to twenty blades , xylophone region covers two octaves or more .Xylophone percussion played with circular shaped with long stalks are usually of horn / sungu / fiber rods bending . In a complete set of gamelan instruments are 3 pieces xylophone , xylophone that slendro , xylophone pelog bem , and xylophone pelog goods . But not a few who comprise only two instruments only . In pelog xylophone , tones 1 and 7 can be adapted to the piece to be played .Most xylophone plays gembyangan ( octave ) in the style of song patterns with steady beats .Xylophone can also play some kind of ornamentation and rhythm tracks , like a game of two tones separated by two slats , or a game of two tones separated by six blades , and a song with rhythm patterns - the syncopated rhythm as in the piece Janturan / Suluk .
8 . genderSame with Kendang , Gender is mostly played by the professional gamelan players , who had long dive into Javanese culture .Instruments similar to the wilahan Slenthem but smaller , consisting of metal blades ( Bronze , Brass or Iron ) tightened the straps on top of tube - tube resonator .This gender -shaped drum played with 2 round ( circled layers of fabric ) with a short stalk .Similarly, Xylophone In a complete set of gamelan instruments there are 3 pieces of Gender , the Gender slendro , bem pelog Gender and Gender pelog goods .In accordance with the function of the song , the tone of the area , and its size , there are two kinds of gender :
a. gender barungGender -sized , low-to- middle beroktaf . One of the leaders of the instrument , gender barung play patterns berketukan steady song ( twisted ) which can create a thick texture and sonority pathet strengthen the sense of the piece .Some piece has an opening that gender played barung ; - piece piece piece is called gender .In the puppet show , the player has the lead role of gender should play an instrument almost never stopped all night in a game piece , sulukan , and grimingan .
b . gender panerusSmaller gender , beroktaf middle to high . Although the instrument noodles should not exist in the ensemble , its presence adds more wealth kepyek gamelan texture . Gender plays a song in the song pattern of steady and fast beats .
The formula for beating the gender comprise less than 12 ways , namely :1 ) wasp gender gembyang mbukak2 ) gender wasp gembyang closed3 ) gender wasp gembyang minggah4 ) wasp gender gembyang mandha5 ) gender wasp kempyung mbukak6 ) gender wasp kempyung closed7 ) gender wasp kempyung minggah8 . ) Wasp gender kempyung mandhap9 ) gender wasp hanger gembyang10 ) gender wasp hanger kempyung11 ) gender wasp mipil12 ) gender wasp returns ( for launch , srepeg , Palaran )
9 . siterZither is played with a plucked instrument , made of a hollow wooden box-shaped stringed . In general, the site has a twelve-tone , ie from left to right : 2 , 3,5,6,1,2,3,5,6,1,2,3 . (samples siter slendro ) .His trademark tone of the strings tuned pelog and other stringed tone slendro . Generally sitar has a length of about 30 cm and put in a box when it is played . Siter played as one of the musical instruments being played together ( panerusan ) , an instrument that plays twisted ( melodic patterns based balungan ) . Zither played with the same speed as the xylophone ( fast tempo ) .How to play it with the thumb , while the other fingers are used to hold the vibration when other plucked strings , this is usually a characteristic of gamelan instruments . Fingers of both hands are used to hold , with the right hand fingers are under the strings while the left finger is above the strings .Siter with various sizes are typical Gamelan instruments Siteran , although it is also used in many other types of gamelan .
10 . kempulKempul is one of the gamelan instruments sounded , usually hung into one device with Gong ( Gong similar to but smaller) with the amount depending on the type of pagelarannya , so not sure . Kempul produce sounds higher than Gong , while the smaller will result in a higher voice .In conjunction with the song piece , kempul can play the same tone with the tone balungan ; kempul sometimes precedes the next balungan tone ; sometimes he plays the tones that make up the interval kempyung balungan tone , to assert a sense of pathet .
11 . flute sulingBamboo flute that plays songs in the patterns of free -style song metric . This tool played alternately , usually at the time of the song approached suffix sentence or sometimes - sometimes played on short songs in the beginning or in the middle of a sentence song .
http://orgs.usd.edu/nmm/Gamelan/9894/9894&9895gamelansulingsfrontLG.jpg
12 . gongA noun that refers to the origin of the sound of things , the word refers specifically gong gong hung in a vertical position , large or medium -sized , beaten in the middle of bundarannya ( pencu ) with upholstered round drum .Gong marks the beginning and ending the piece and gives a sense of balance after the passage of a long sentence piece song .
Gong is very important to mark the end of the song the basic unit of the group , so the group itself ( ie sentences between two wasps song gong ) is called gong . There are two kinds of gongs :a. Gong AgengLarge hanging gongs , drums played to mark the beginning and the ending track basic groups ( gong ) piece .
b . Gong suwukanMedium-sized hanging gong , sounded to mark the piece is structured short suffix , such as launch , srepegan , and sampak .
13 . keprakKeprak is a sheet-shaped instrument made of bronze or iron with a size of approximately 20 x 27 cm , comprising several plates , given the hole at the top and a piece of rope , hung on the puppet box with the order such that when in time will lead to sound effect " crunch -crunch " .In Surakarta mat puppet genre , consisting of at least 3 pieces of practicality , there are 4 pieces and 5 pieces . As for practicality pakeliran Yogyakarta Style consists of a slab of iron are in landasi with size wooden keprak , beaten with iron cempala legs pinned by a puppeteer resulting effect a "ting - ting " .In order to produce a good sound keprak a puppeteer must know the techniques put practicality and engineering practicality with good rang . Keprak in pakeliran usually to accompany the puppet movements and to solidified solah ( motion ) puppet . Surakarta leather puppeteer genre nowadays prefer practicality made of white iron sheets in combination with some bronze keprak several pieces , which believed to have a louder sound effects .
More or less as described above set of gamelan in Java , especially Central Java and Yogyakarta . As for who has not been mentioned as Tambour / drum is an instrument in performances Supplement . Feedback from colleagues highly anticipated blog .
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